Friday, September 4, 2020

Ex Post Facto Laws Essay

Ex present facto laws allude on laws that apply to acts submitted before the authorization of such laws and are, accordingly, disadvantageous to the influenced people. The United States constitution in article I, area 10 disallows the state from instituting such retroactive laws. This preclusion shields people from unfair authoritative acts. Nonetheless, the restriction on ex post facto laws applies just with respect to criminal and not common laws (Zollar, 2002). I accept that the US constitution is sensible and predictable by containing arrangements that limit the authorization of ex post facto laws since this assistance in shielding the privileges of people under existing laws. In the event that the constitution didn't contain the ex post facto condition, people would be unjustifiably exposed to laws that demonstration retrogressively and deny them equity. For example, a grown-up ought not be arraigned for violations he perpetrated when he was a minor if such wrongdoings couldn't be established against him around then because of impediment on adolescent court locale. I agree with the creators of the ex post facto provision that laws ought not be applied retroactively. In any case, where the standard can't be sensibly applied, different special cases ought to be joined to make the standard serviceable. Like each other standard, I accept that it is significant for the ex present facto proviso on have different special cases that would guarantee its enforceability. While I concur that laws ought not be authorized retrogressively, I feel that the greatest test confronting the ex post facto proviso is the dark separation of criminal laws from common laws. The proviso that forbids ex post facto laws bans a few demonstrations. To begin with, it denies the making of criminal laws and making them retroactive. Such retroactive laws have the impact of condemning acts submitted before their authorizations. The statement additionally denies laws that are made so as to retroactively exasperate a wrongdoing, for example, by retroactively changing an offense to a lawful offense. Retroactively expanding the discipline for a wrongdoing is likewise denied under US laws. Besides, the Ex post facto statement additionally bans the production of laws that adjust the guidelines of proof and rather permit conviction dependent on various or lesser proof than what the law restricted at the hour of the crime’s commission (Gardner and Anderson, 2011). There are a few special cases to the constraint of retroactive laws in the ex post facto condition. The standard is restricted to reformatory law and isn't pertinent to situations where the new laws favor the charged. Besides, the standard isn't material to standard laws and point of reference laws that are review as to past cases. Another special case to the ex post facto rule is a retroactive law that accommodates reprisal for specific acts that were illicit however not criminal when they were carried out. A case of such a law is the London Agreement, which is retroactive to the degree of acts that established infringement of universal laws when they were submitted (Bassiouni, 2011) One of the most significant current parts of ex post facto laws is tax assessment. Restriction of retroactive laws is constrained to criminal acts. In this manner, there is no ex post facto law disallowance in tax collection since it is a common demonstration. On account of Fernandez versus Fernandez, it was decided that preclusion on ex post facto laws was restricted to criminal laws and that charge laws were metro. In September 2012, the U.S Commerce Department forced an ex post facto duty of $ 100 million as an enemy of dumping measure (Foldvary, 2012). I feel that there is have to address the absence of forbiddance of ex post facto laws in tax collection. It would be vile if business people would lose property through seizure by the legislature with an end goal to recoup retroactive expenses. References Bassiouni, M. C. (2011). Wrongdoings against humankind: Historical and contemporary application. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Foldvary, F. E. (2012). The Progress Report: Ex post Facto Taxation. Recovered October 27, 2012 from: http://www.progress.org/2012/fold784.htm Gardner, T. J. furthermore, Anderson, T. M. (2011). Criminal Law. Belomont, CA: Cengage Learning. Zollar, J. (2002). Forbiddance against Ex Post Facto laws. House Research. Recovered October 7, 2012 from: http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/bars/ss/clssexpost.pdf

Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Operating Performance and Aggressive Trade Credit Management Policies

Question: Talk about the Operating Performance and Aggressive Trade Credit Policies. Answer: The money related area keeps on showing the most grounded craving for Trade Credit, principally for its likely abilities for data the board. Developing models could, with some refinement, inevitably apply to flexibly chain. A few flexibly chain capacities are prime contender for Trade Credit, which could end up being a reasonable answer for use cases around exchange fund, recognizability and reviews, item realness and keen agreements. By and by, you can't accepting bundled Trade Credit answers for gracefully chain utilizes cases. There keeps on being a great deal of publicity, with few even in part sent and exceptionally restricted models. Just associations that are particularly chance open minded and that are early adopters of innovations ought to consider SCM Trade Credit activities throughout the following two to five years. Less hazard open minded associations ought to incidentally take an interest in exchange consortiums or instructive gatherings to get familiar with explicit Trade Credit use cases, with the objective to learn as the innovation develops. There are some recognizable early focuses for Trade Credit in flexibly chain. In any case, like the development of the web where unanticipated arrangements rose as the innovation advanced, new and unforeseen gracefully chain use cases could rise as the innovation develops. Gracefully chain use cases may include: Tradefinance Bills of replenishing/letters of credit, exchange installments, and so on. Multienterprise/party item detectability e.g., track and follow, resource provenance (counting credibility and following. Shrewd agreements Where contracts, or authoritative terms, between parties are put away on a Trade Credit or, in further developed use cases, legally binding code sits on the Trade Credit that self-sufficiently executes under specific conditions. Brilliant agreements may help with empowering a portion of these utilization cases by means of increasingly effective/new types of agreements and agreement the board. Be that as it may, notwithstanding the innovation being an obstruction to reception, so too will be the test of getting numerous gatherings to receive better approaches for working together. Tradefinance is probably going to be the transient champ for a few reasons: it is a surely known procedure (e.g., supplant letters of credit) and banks are putting vigorously in Trade Credit innovation and are as of now intensely associated with pilots. The size of exchange fund terms of all out quantities of day by day exchanges (not dollars) is with the end goal that it may alleviate a portion of the adaptability issues and worries in different zones. For instance, in worldwide exchange, upwards of 20 to 25 gatherings can contact a request from introductory source to definite goal, including banks, protection, government, providers, clients, conveys, forwarders and 3PLs. Each has a job, and there are both mutual and individual principles that administer their duties at different strides simultaneously. Today there is no successful mutual and unchanging approach to fundamentally classify and deal with these kinds of complex multiparty understandings, yet Trade Credit can possibly do as such. Notwithstanding, the difficulties of multilateral shrewd agreement enablement have not been 100% sifted through, both actually and from a negotiating prudence. Adding work process and rules to Trade Credit will be important to interface different exchanging accomplices. Each assumes its job while following the overseeing rules and each altering the chain as exchanges progress. For instance, products got up processing plant in China and taken to a port won't be stacked on a boat until specific conditions, such as having an in-power letter of credit, are met. Today, worldwide coordinations process steps are not fundamentally associated across parties. Thusly, the bank is unconscious that the merchandise are prepared for stacking. Along these lines, they are late in creating the letter of credit and they don't respond until somebody physically calls the bank. References: Carb?Valverde, S., Rodrguez?Fernndez, F., Udell, G. F. (2016). Exchange credit, the budgetary emergency, and SME access to finance.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,48(1), 113-143 Breza, E., Liberman, A. (2017). Budgetary contracting and authoritative structure: Evidence from the guideline of exchange credit.The Journal of Finance,72(1), 291-324 Box, T., Davis, R. L., Hill, M. D., Lawrey, C. M. (2016). Working Performance and Aggressive Trade Credit Policies

Saturday, August 22, 2020

10 Tips for Saying Goodbye to Your College-Bound Child

10 Tips for Saying Goodbye to Your College-Bound Child For some, guardians, bidding farewell to a little girl or child took off to school is one of lifes most tweaking minutes. As a parent, you need to leave your youngster on a playful note, and you may attempt to suppress any concern or trouble. Dont battle it-its a characteristic reaction. All things considered, a kid whos been an essential focal point of your life is going to strike out all alone, and your job will be diminished. There are heaps of approaches to limit the tears and move with the changes, making the splitting procedure simpler for understudies and their folks. The Year Before Departure Your childs senior year is pressure-loaded up with stresses over school applications and acknowledgments, worries with keeping up grades and doing numerous things once and for all. Despite the fact that your high schooler may grieve last occasions shared by the school network (last homecoming move, football match-up, school play, melodic show, prom), its harder to grapple with individual misfortunes that cant be freely shared. Rather than being available with the pity, numerous adolescents think that its simpler to communicate outrage, and those upheavals might be aimed at relatives. They may subliminally think its simpler to part from an idiotic, crying more youthful sister or a controlling, relentless parent than close relatives whom they love and are reluctant to leave; along these lines, they may act in manners that make a separation. Disregard the awful upheavals and the names. This isn't your teenager despising on you-its your youngster subliminally attempting to make it simpler to withdraw from the family. Numerous families report that more contentions break out in the last a very long time before school than at any other time. Your high schooler may mark you or other relatives, yet that is not a judgment on you as a parent. Its generalizing simply like the marks monstrous stepsister or abhorrence stepmother are exaggerations and generalizations. Its simpler to envision a splendid future at school when youre deserting a cliché sticking mother, tyrannical dad, or more youthful kin whos continually butting in.Dont think about it literally. You arent doing anything incorrectly this is only a typical piece of growing up. Youngsters who are attempting to discover freedom need to separate themselves from guardians and family and express their own solid conclusions and thoughts of how things ought to be finished. Don t infer that your youngster has consistently abhorred you and that their genuine nature is coming out now that theyre leaving for school. Its simply part of the division procedure and is a transitory phase of improvement. Dont acknowledge it; its not your kid talking-its the dread of venturing out from home and entering the grown-up world that is lashing out at you. Try to avoid panicking. You might be looking for bedsheets or towels and a battle ejects over the littlest of things. Take a full breath, resist the urge to panic, and continue with what youre doing. Fight the temptation to surrender and do it one more day. The more you can stay with your schedules and all your arranged school readiness, the more youll limit strife and stress. It wont be simpler to shop or get past your childs school plan for the day in the event that you defer it for a superior day since that day may not come except if you keep it together and manage these minutes tranquilly. The School Drop-Off Move-in day is consistently turbulent and complicated. You may have been doled out a particular move-in time or show up as one of the several vehicles lined up to drop off boxes and bags. Whatever the circumstance, let your youngster start to lead the pack. One of the most noticeably terrible things guardians can do that can procure them the helicopter name is to micromanage each part of move-in day and cause their girl or child to appear to be silly and powerless, particularly before the RA or residence mates they will be living with. Let your understudy sign in, get the dormitory key or key card, and get some answers concerning the accessibility of hardware, for example, hand trucks or moving trucks. In spite of the fact that you should do things another way, its your approaching freshmans new life and new apartment, not yours. There are no prizes for the individual who moves in first, so dont feel as though you need to surge. Moreover, there is no set in stone. Recollect whose school life this is. One feeling that guardians feel (yet are hesitant to recognize) is disappointment or desire. We all have some upbeat recollections of school, and on the off chance that we could turn the clock back, the greater part of us would be anxious to remember a day or two of our school encounters. Dont beat yourself up over this; envy is something numerous guardians feel. Youre not by any means the only one, and this doesnt make you an awful parent. In any case, dont let that envy impact your understudies first day at school. Let them locate their own encounters in their own time.Dont condemn. Possibly theirâ new flat mate appears as though a calamity and the adolescent down the lobby appears to be a superior fit. Regardless of what your feelings are, remain quiet about them, and dont share your remarks with your youngster. Your childs living autonomously implies making their own decisions and surveying individuals and circumstances without anyone else. O n the off chance that you stroll into your childrens school life and right now begin making these appraisals, youve disappointed them without acknowledging it and are not giving them the possibility or the credit to make up their own psyche about things. Be charming, positive, and unbiased pretty much all that occurs. Let your understudy do the talking. There will be a great deal of new individuals to meet and names to recall. Also, it is your childs employment to keep everything straight, not yours. In the event that youre the parent of a socially ungainly or timid understudy, you may think that its hard not to bounce in and assume control over the circumstance, make presentations all around, and arrange the top or base bunk or the better dresser and work area for your posterity. Continue advising yourself that its not your school understanding or your choice to make-its your childs. Any decision that they make is the correct one since they made it, and not anybody else.Prepare for not being totally arranged. Regardless of how far ahead of time you plan or how careful you are in your rundown making, shopping, and pressing, youll either overlook something or locate that specific things dont work in your childs new living courses of action or new life. Dont overbook your drop-off day with no additi onal opportunity to rush to the closest drugstore, market, or markdown store, since you will need to get those basics you some way or another ignored. Its significantly simpler for you to make that speedy outing via vehicle as opposed to leaving your youngster with additional money and anticipating that them should walk or take a transport to new areas. Plan an additional two hours of unscheduled time so you can deal with these things. Resemble Goldilocks porridge: spot on. Submit a general direction to the story The Three Little Bears. At the point when the opportunity arrives to bid farewell and leave your kid at school, dont be excessively warm (blubbering and howling and grasping on for dear life) and dont be excessively chilly (far off and careless in your embrace farewell and excessively matter-of-actuality in your feelings). Endeavor to be perfect. Its OK to cry a few tears and give your kid a decent, strong, Ill truly miss you huge squeeze and state the amount you love and will miss them. Children expect that and feel hurt in the event that you dont show adequate feeling. This isn't an ideal opportunity to put on the daring, emotionless face. Show the legitimate feelings of a parent who cherishes a youngster and thinks that its difficult to pull away. All things considered, that is actually what youre feeling, and trustworthiness is the best arrangement. Post Drop-Off Days and Weeks Youve bid farewell. Presently would not joke about this. It might be difficult to accept, yet a few guardians message their kids the moment they get in the vehicle and drive away. Put the telephone down and give them their space. Dont call each day to ensure everythings OK. On the off chance that conceivable, let your youngster be the one to connect. Numerous guardians concur on a foreordained day and time to converse with their youngster by telephone or Skype, commonly once per week. By regarding limits and their need to isolate, you will enable your youngster to set up a free life and build up another encouraging group of people of others they can trust.Dont float, yet be there. Numerous guardians utilize internet based life to monitor their children at school and ask their kids to companion them so they can keep in touch. Watch and look, yet dont post or remark. Let them have their own space. What's more, if your youngster educates you concerning episodes at school that are upsett ing, fight the temptation to get included except if they request that you mediate. Some portion of growing up includes confronting troublesome or testing minutes and finding a path through those difficult situations. Indications of development incorporate adaptability, adaptability,â and versatility, and school is the perfect chance to deal with these aptitudes. Be that as it may, if circumstances raise to where they undermine your childs physical or psychological well-being or placed them in risk step in and offer guide. Be that as it may, request authorization first. You need to help your kid however much as could reasonably be expected yet not to the degree that you destroy the underlying establishment of independence. Finding the correct equalization will require some investment, yet in the end, youll both arrive.

Incident Handling on Cloud Computing

Episode Handling on Cloud Computing Presentation Distributed computing Distributed computing gives individuals the best approach to share disseminated assets and administrations that have a place with various associations or sites.As distributed computing designate the isolated belongings by methods for the frameworks in the discharged environmental factors. That is the reason it makes the security issues for us to extend the distributed computing application. Distributed computing is clarified by NIST as the portrayal for permit appropriate, on request courses of action for right to passage to an aggregate pool of settings the calculative Assets. All these like systems, servers, stockpiling, application and administrations is persistently arranged and free with less administrative exercises or cloud provider correspondence. Distributed computing is taken as a creative ascertaining idea up to now. It allowed the utilization of computing correspondence with more than one phase of contemplations. The spot prerequisite of these administrations is offered online at less costs. Reason is that the suggestion for the high flexibility and availability. Distributed computing is the principle subject which will get the great way of fixation as of late. Distributed computing administrations gives focal points from money related frameworks of all range achieved. With this the adaptable usage of assets, occupation and others work competency. In any case, distributed computing is a developing shaping of appropriated figuring that is still in its earliest stages. The idea employments of its own all the degrees of clarifications and investigation. The majority of the ideas has been composed with respect to distributed computing, its clarification. Its principle point is to look through the significant worldview of the usage and given that regular arrangement for Ideas and noteworthy subtleties of the administrations. An open cloud is the significant one which has the correspondence and other calculative belongings. This comprises of making realistic to the average citizens on the web. This is known by all the cloud servicer who is doing the promoting. Its by giving clarification of the pariah enterprises. Then again of the range is the classified cloud. The secret cloud is the one wherein the figuring environmental factors is produced totally for the business. This can took care of by industry or by the outsider. This can be facilitated under the businesses data focus which is inside or outside of it. The private cloud gives the business a decent control on the correspondence and calculative sources when contrasted with open cloud. There is other operational models which lies between the private and open cloud. These are network cloud and half and half cloud. The people group cloud is fundamentally identified with private cloud. Then again the correspondence and calculative sources will be common by different ventures that are having a comparative privacy and administrative musings. Rather they are solely checking the one business. The half and half cloud is fundamentally the mix of at least two than two mists for example (private, network, or open) this Become the exceptional bodies which are stringed to one another by blended or exclusive innovation which permits interoperability. Same as the different operational models which effects on the modern range and sorted out environmental factors. That is the reason this model offers help to the cloud which impacts it. Three notable and much of the time utilized assistance models are the accompanying: Programming as-a-Service. Programming as-a-Service (SaaS) is an on request programming administrations wherein client gains admittance to the necessary programming careful some middle customer like program utilizing web. Programming stage and important documents are put away halfway. It definitely lessens the complete expense of programming for the client as it doesn't expect client to bring about any foundation cost which incorporate equipment establishment cost, support cost and working expense. Endorsers of these administrations are just given restricted control identified with the ideal programming including any inclination choice and authoritative setting. They don't have any power over the hidden cloud foundation. Stage as-a-Service. Stage as-a-Service (PaaS) is an on request stage conveyance model. In this client is given the total programming stage which is utilized by the supporter of create and send programming. It likewise bring about extensive putting something aside for the supporter as he doesn't need to acquire costs identified with purchasing and overseeing of confused equipment and programming parts required to help the product improvement stage. The unique reason advancement condition is custom-made to the particular needs of the endorser by the cloud specialist co-op. Sufficient controls are given to the endorser of help in smooth advancement of programming. Framework as-a-Service. Foundation as-a-Service (IaaS) is an on request framework conveyance administrations. In this host of figuring servers, programming projects, and system types of gear are given. This framework is utilized to set up stage to create and execute programming. Supporter can chop down his expense to absolute minimum by staying away from any acquisition of equipment and programming segments. Supporters is given a considerable amount of adaptability to pick different infrastructural parts according to the necessities. Cloud endorser controls the most extreme security highlights. Figure delineates the distinctions in degree and control between the cloud endorser and cloud supplier. Given focal outline shows the five theoretical layers of a cloud situation which apply to open mists and different arrangements models The bolts at the left and right of the outline signify the inexact scope of the cloud suppliers and clients extension and command over the cloud condition for each assistance model. Cloud endorsers degree of command over the framework is dictated by the degree of help gave by the cloud supplier. Higher the help by cloud supplier lower is the degree and control of the endorser. Physical components of cloud condition are appeared by two lower layers of the chart. These physical components are totally constrained by cloud supplier independent of the administration model. The office layer which is the most minimal layer contains Heating, ventilation, cooling (HVAC), force, interchanges, and different parts of the physical plant while equipment layers includes organize , capacity and other physical registering framework components The intelligent components of a cloud situation is indicated by different layers The virtualized framework layer lead to programming parts, for example, hypervisors, virtual machines, virtual information stockpiling, and supporting middleware components required to arrangement a skilled foundation to set up effective registering stage While virtual machine innovation is regularly utilized at this layer, different methods for giving the vital programming reflections are not blocked. So also, the stage engineering layer involves compilers, libraries, utilities, and other programming devices and improvement conditions expected to execute applications. The application layer speaks to conveyed programming applications focused towards end-client programming customers or different projects, and made accessible by means of the cloud. Iaas ans Paas as administrations are close and distinction between them is very obscure. Fundamentally these are recognized by the sort of help condition, level of help and control distribution between cloud supporter and cloud supplier. Primary purpose of distributed computing isn't just restricted to single association yet in addition stretches out as a vehicle for redistributing different parts as open cloud. been to give a vehicle to re-appropriating portions of that condition to an outside gathering as an open cloud. Through any re-appropriate of data innovation administrations, relates made due corresponding to any undertone for framework wellbeing and confinement. The primary issue fixates on the dangers related with moving significant applications or information from inside the limits of the Industries ascertaining focus which is of various other organization (for example an open cloud). That is effectively accessible to the ordinary individuals Diminishing prise and expanding capability is the primary concerns. These two are the main motivations for venturing towards the open cloud. Then again expiring responsibility for the wellbeing ought not rely upon it. At last the business is liable for all wellbeing issues of the re-appropriated administrations. Watching and tending to the security issues which go increment will be at seeing industry. A portion of the significant issue like exhibitions and openness. Since distributed computing carries with it new security challenges, it is fundamental for an association to direct and Administer in which way the cloud servicer handles and forestall the figuring condition and gives assurance of wellbeing. Occurrences an occasion is any recognizable event in a framework or system. Occasions incorporate a client interfacing with a document, a server accepting a solicitation for a Web page, a client sending electronic mail, and a firewall obstructing an association endeavor. Ominous event are the one which has unhelpful outcomes. For example: crashes, organize parcel floods and unapproved usage. of framework benefits, unapproved access to touchy information, and execution of pernicious code that decimates information. A framework security event is really a negation or inevitable threat of break of framework wellbeing procedure, appropriate usage arrangements and displayed security approaches. The phrasing for these occurrences is useful to the entrepreneur for getting administration and item contributions Refusal of Service-An aggressor guides several outer traded off workstations to send whatever number ping demands as could be allowed to a business arrange, overwhelming the framework. Malignant Code-A worm can rapidly taint a few hundred workstations inside an association by exploiting a defenselessness that is available in huge numbers of the companys unpatched PCs. Unapproved Access-An aggressor

Friday, August 21, 2020

Unfair Competition free essay sample

Out of line Competition Unfair competitionâ in a sense implies that the contenders contend on inconsistent standing, in light of the fact that great or disadvantageous conditions are applied to certain contenders however not to other people; or that the activities of certain contenders effectively hurt the situation of others concerning their capacity to contend on equivalent and reasonable terms. It contrasts withâ fair rivalry, in which similar principles and conditions are applied to all members, and the serious activity of certain doesn't hurt the capacity of others to contend. Regularly, uncalled for rivalry implies that the increases of certain members are contingent on the misfortunes of others, when the additions are made in manners which are ill-conceived or out of line. Standards of reasonable rivalry To a significant degree, the standards of reasonable rivalry in the business world are characterized by law, and consequently out of line rivalry likely could be unlawful or criminal. But since the types of rivalry can change consistently and new types of rivalry may emerge, rivalry might be out of line, yet not illicit, at any rate not until a lawful principle is unequivocally made to disallow it. We will compose a custom article test on Out of line Competition or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The specific importance of out of line favorable position or damage caused in business rivalry might be ambiguous or in contest, specifically if various contenders advance various understandings which suit their own advantages. It might be hard to characterize what it would intend to contend on equivalent footing, and the usable terms of rivalry that exist in all actuality might be tested just when a member is truly hindered by them. Regularly equivalent terms is characterized as an equivalent chance or equivalent opportunity to contend. †¢ Sport Out of line rivalry may happen in games if a member here and there goes astray from the standards of the game, or has favored access to significant data or assets that ought to on a fundamental level be accessible to all members in the game, or none of them. Investment in the game typically expect that members have an equivalent capacity to contend in applicable regards, or can secure it during the game. In sports, for instance, a heavyweight fighter isn't typically played against a lightweight fighter, and the mystery utilization of medications to improve sports execution is generally denied in rivalries. Collaboration Sometimes out of line rivalry is likewise deciphered to imply that the presence of rivalry as such is out of line or crooked. [citation needed] The contention is then that there ought not be any opposition. For this situation, the option in contrast to out of line rivalry isn't reasonable rivalry, however no opposition or participation. †¢ Commercial law Unfair r ivalry in business law alludes to various territories of law including acts by one contender or gathering of contenders which hurt another in the field, and which may offer ascent to criminal offenses and common reasons for activity. The most widely recognized activities falling under the standard of unjustifiable rivalry include: †¢ Matters relating to antitrust law, referred to in the European Union as rivalry law. Antitrust infringement establishing uncalled for rivalry happen when one contender endeavors to compel others out of the market (or keep others from entering the market) through strategies, for example, ruthless valuing or getting elite buy rights to crude materials expected to make a contending item. Trademark encroachment and going off, which happen when the creator of an item utilizes a name, logo, or other recognizing qualities to mislead shoppers into imagining that they are purchasing the result of a contender. In the United States, this type of uncalled for rivalry is restricted under the precedent-based law and by state resolutions, and represented at the government level by the Lanham Act. †¢ Misappropriation of prized formulas, which happens when one contender utilizes reconnaissa nce, pay off, or inside and out burglary to get monetarily beneficial data in the ownership of another. In the United States, this kind of movement is illegal by the Uniform Trade Secrets Act and the Economic Espionage Act of 1996. †¢ Trade defamation, the spreading of bogus data about the quality or attributes of a contenders items, is precluded at precedent-based law. †¢ Tortious impedance, which happens when one contender persuades a gathering having a relationship with another contender to penetrate an agreement with, or obligation to, the other contender, is likewise disallowed at precedent-based law. Different out of line strategic approaches, for example, extortion, distortion, and unconscionable agreements might be viewed as out of line rivalry, in the event that they give one contender a bit of leeway over others. In the European Union, every part state must control unjustifiable strategic approaches as per the standards set down in the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, subject to transitional periods. Out of line Competition A part of protected innovation law, uncalled for rivalry is a term applied to all deceptive or deceitful contention in exchange and trade. This term is especially applied to the act of trying to substitute one’s own merchandise or items in the market for those of another to delude the general population. This double dealing is usually practiced by impersonating or forging the name title, size, shading plan, examples, shape or unmistakable eccentricities of the article, or by mirroring the shape shading, mark, wrapper or outward presentation of the bundle in, for example, route as to delude the overall population or trick an unwary buyer. Demonstrations of out of line rivalry are by and large described by double dealing, dishonesty, misrepresentation or mistreatment, or as against open strategy as a result of their inclination to unduly prevent rivalry. Out of line rivalry laws have been built up to secure shoppers and organizations and help forestall illicit merchandizing. Source: Black’s Law Dictionary Also Known As: Unfair Trade Practices Examples: Examples of uncalled for rivalry include: †¢ Trademark infringementâ , for example, utilizing the Coca-Colaâ ® trademark on a soft drink holder made by a contending refreshment producer. Bogus advertisingâ , for example, making bogus cases about a medications capacities to advance weight reduction. †¢ Unauthorized replacement of one brand of products for anotherâ â€, for example, subbing a minimal effort purse for a planner satchel. †¢ Misappropriation of exchange secretsâ , for example, taking a competitor’s soda pop recipe. †¢ False portrayal of items or servicesâ , for example, overstating a product program’s spellcheck abilities.

Thursday, August 6, 2020

Great Argumentative Essay Structure

Great Argumentative Essay Structure Writing any sort of academic papers is a pretty complicated task. There are many types of written assignments and each is unique due to special requirements and some peculiarities. Some seem to be quite easy to perform. In the meanwhile, some other may turn into the real nightmare for any student. Of course, it would be difficult to predict how complicated might be an argumentative essay. It strongly depends on the possibilities of a concrete student. This is an interesting piece of writing, which is both captivating and complicated. This task is interesting thanks to an outstanding research that is to be done. You will have a definite problem, which is supposed to resolve in a certain way. This is an intriguing part of this task. You will become an investigator, discoverer, researcher and something of the kind. You will implement different methods, which are actually captivating. Notwithstanding, this intriguing search would likewise require the deep understanding of the problem, developed writing skills, proper knowledge, strong focus and real desire. In addition, one should make allowances for the structure of argumentative essay. This is an essential part as well. When knowing it, it will become much easier to cope with its performance. Therefore, you should learn the argumentative essay structure even prior to starting doing this task. In most occasions, the structure of this paper is pretty similar to other types. Nevertheless, there are some differences and peculiarities as well. Let’s have a brief review of what the argumentative structure should look like: Introduction. Your first objective is to introduce the analyzed problem or phenomenon to your audience. Undoubtedly, the major element for this phase of writing is the creation of a convincing and logical thesis statement. Overview of the previous attempts. You will be assigned a problem, which has been already described and discussed by other authors. Consequently, you should find the appropriate literature. Possibly, there will be a great variety of informative sources. Pick up the most relevant and contradictive. Create some form of intrigue and confrontation. The consequences. Afterward, you will have to reveal all consequences of the issue you are investigating and analyzing. The influence may be either positive or negative. A probable aftermath. At times, the major argument cannot be solved in full. Under such circumstance, you are to underline this matter and support it with appropriate literature. Linking facts and issue. The next obligation is to connect the main argument of your research with given facts. Conclusion. The defining phase of the structure for argumentative paper is to make a brief but precise summarization of the entire work. It ought to include the major ideas and concepts, the evidence from thesis and other essentials. Mark that you are to retell the same points in other words. This is some kind of rewrite. The structure of argumentative essay has obvious peculiarities. Therefore, your objective is to remember each point and fulfill it properly while the process of composing the work. How to Write Argumentative Essay Safe argumentative essay structure, you are to take into account some other essentials. It goes beyond all doubts that one of the keys to a better understanding of this assignment is the definition of this type. The most reasonable explanation of this type is the use of arguments to draw certain conclusions and reaching certain outcomes in regard to the main subject. This part of your research will be utterly complex. You are to implement a decent reasoning and prove the assertions of your topic. You have to act in a strict accordance with certain facts. You should drop any personal beliefs. You will operate with arguments dependent on the thoughts of other authors. Your topic is serious and scientific. You cannot write a personal kind of essays. Try to be convincing. Start with a clear message to your potential audience. Point out the significance of your project. Make use out of proven and dependable informative sources. In the event, your readers are expected to agree with your opinion you should use certain data and develop the appropriate strategy. Make allowances for the slightest elements and fulfill them in the most efficacious way. Some Essential Writing Prompts After you identify your type and learn argumentative structure, concentrate on some other necessities. There are prompts, which will ease the way of crafting your paper. Import facts. Imagine that you are a member of the jury that listens to a lawyer. What would you await? Of course, effective proofs. Therefore, operate with complex and relevant facts, which will increase the importance of your arguments. Use logical thinking. You must be absolutely confident that all parts of your research are logically linked with one another. Forget about feelings. Don’t omit the phase of counterarguments. Be original and reveal the actual reasons that make your statement more valuable. Skipping this crucial phase, you’ll sufficiently diminish your chances to succeed. Get feedback. It is reasonable for check your work on your own. Nonetheless, there is a great probability that some essential elements would slip away from you. Feedback from other experienced writers, professors or your peers might have a positive effect and you will spot some drawbacks. Be organized. You should never lose concentration. Discipline is that very medium, which will enhance your chances of success. You are to be persistent and logical. Don’t lower your attention during writing, as well as while the checkup. Make preparations. Prior to completing any point of your task, evaluate your possibilities and perspectives. Find the most efficacious way to perform each point of your writing to make it quickly. Examine your topic, expand it, find alternatives and perspectives. Use your originality and connect it with proper argumentation to create a powerful impression. Remain straightforward. Don’t dance around when explaining your understanding of the major concept. Be straight to the point and explicit. You would not be able to craft a flawless paper. There are too many facts and arguments, which aren’t supposed to be retold in a “free manner”. Mind that you are a scientist, not a poet. Synthesis all sections of your essay and forge an impressive research. These were a few prompts, which may sufficiently assist you. You may likewise find some other mediums and keys that will maintain your focus, recharge your inner strengths and thus, will lead you to success. The Most Dependable Way to Overcome Problems with Your Essay It is actually obvious that the performance of this piece of writing may be challenging. You have to make allowances for the structure for argumentative paper, its style, efficacious informative sources and other demands. Oftentimes, students fail to manage this task and grow desperate. Nonetheless, our online agency will slightly eliminate your despair. Our qualified and experienced specialists can complete this task in your stead. You can trust us. We never let down our dear customers. Your assignment will be executed within a brief period of time and at a fair price. We assure that it will match up with the toughest academic standards so that you received the necessary grades to enhance your academic progress. Visit our official page for more details and make instant orders.

Thursday, June 25, 2020

King of Macedonia Alexander - Free Essay Example

King of Macedonia Alexander the Great was the king from 336 to 323 B.C. of Macedonia. While in his position of leadership, Alexander the Great had the ability to accomplish many things. One of which was the fact that he was able to reunite Greece. Not only was Alexander III leading the people of Macedonia as their king he also led the Corinthian League. Early Life Alexander III of Macedonia was born on July twentieth of 356 B.C. in the Pella region of Macedonia. His parents were known as King Philip II of Macedon and Queen Olympia, daughter of King Neoptolemus. Alexander the Great and his sister were both raised in the Pella royal court. Alexander rarely saw his father due to his extreme workload and because his father spent most of his time engaged in military campaigns and extra-marital affairs. Because of this Alexander grew to resent his fathers absence and philandering. Alexander had many tutors in his life one his earliest ones was Leonidas, who had been hired by King Phillip to teach him math, horsemanship, and archery. Although Leonidas was a very good tutor he struggled to keep his student under control. Another one of Alexanders tutors was the philosopher Aristotle. He was hired to teach Alexander at the Temple of the Nymphs at Meiza. He would be there for the next three years while Aristotle taught him and a handful of his friends philosophy, poetry, drama, science, and politics. Alexander completed his education at Meiza in 340 B.C. A year later, while still just a teen, he became a soldier and embarked on his first military expedition, against the Thracian tribes. (Biography) Known as Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedonia was known as Alexander the Great because of many contributing factors. One of which is his successfulness as a Military commander. An example of his success is the fact that he was up against overwhelming odds and he still led his army to victories across the Persian territories of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt. He did this all without suffering a single defeat. His greatest victory was at the Battle of Gaugamela, in what is now northern Iraq, in 331 BC. (History) The young Alexander, leader of the Greeks, and the pharaoh of Egypt became known as the great king of Persia at the youthful the age of 25. Another factor that causes him to be known as Alexander the Great was that he changed the Ancient world. He did this single-handly in a little more than a decade. Alexander inherited a powerful yet volatile kingdom at just the age of 20. And He quickly dealt with his enemies at home and reasserted Macedonian power within Greece. Alexander the Great founded more than 70 cities in the ancient world. He named more than 20 of them Alexandria after himself. (Godd esses) At such a young age he was doing so much with the little experience he had in politics. Alexander the Great never lost a battle which is the main reason his is called the Great. Accomplishments He became the king of Persia, Babylon, Asia, and created Macedonian colonies in the region. (Biography) Before Alexander was king he took charge of the Companion Cavalry and aided his father, Philip II, in defeating the Athenian and Theban armies at Chaeronea. Alexander and his forces made it in Thebes very swiftly that the city-state did not have an opportunity to get together allies for its defense. Alexander led the massacre of Thebes just three days after his arrival. It was Alexanders hope that the destruction of Thebes would serve as a warning to city-states contemplating revolt. (Biography) His intimidation tactic proved effectual; the other city-states, including Athens, chose to pledge their alliance to the Macedonian Empire or wanted to remain neutral. Persia Alexander commenced on his Asiatic expedition, arriving in Troy that spring in 334. Alexander then faced Persian King Darius IIIs army near the Granicus River; Darius forces were swiftly defeated. By fall, Alexander an d his army had made it across the southern coast of Asia Minor to Gordium, where they took the winter to rest. In the summer of 333, the troops of Alexander and Darius once again went head to head in battle at Issus. (Biography) Although Alexanders army was outnumbered, he used his flair for his military strategy to create formations that defeated the Persians again and caused Darius to flee. After capturing Darius, Alexander declared himself the king of Persia, making him a fugitive in November of 333 B.C. Egypt Next Alexander was planning his campaign to conquer Egypt. After Alexander had besieged Gaza on his way to Egypt, he easily achieved his conquest; Egypt fell without resistance. Designed in 331 as a hub for Greek culture and commerce, he created the city of Alexandria. Alexander defeated the Persians at the Battle of Gaugamela later that year. Alexander became King of Babylon, King of Asia, King of the Four Quarters of the World with the collapse of the Persian army. His Death Alexander the Great was thought to have died of Malaria in Babylon on June 323BC. Although it is unsure of what actually caused his death. He died in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II when he was 32 years old. Alexander the Greats body was placed in a gold sarcophagus filled with honey, which was then placed in a gold casket.

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Coming Of Age By James Joyce And A P By John Updike

Guiseppi La Mura Instructor Moore LIT 09/3/15 Coming of Age Growing up and learning to be an adult is part of everyone’s life. Emotions run rampant with love, anger, and uncertainty. Short stories Araby by James Joyce and A P by John Updike create perfect examples of coming to age experiences which individuals can relate to. The array of emotions and hardships we experience throughout youth aid in creating a culturally advanced and diverse society. First love, everyone has experienced this incredible milestone in their life before. Love can make you do fun things. In the first person short story Araby, the protagonist has a deep love for his friend Magens sister. The narrator makes this known by saying â€Å"Her image accompanies me even in places most hostile to romance†. She inebriated him with feelings of joy and excitement. The time of the story takes place during a big sale. Magens sister is upset she can’t attend because of prior engagements, but the protagonist promises he will return with a gift for her. At this time in the story the characters passion for Magens sister originates a quest for him. Love does crazy things to people, it brainwashes you to do odd things for people your affectionate for. You would do anything for someone you truly care about whether the task be simple or complex. The day grows darker and the protagonist is eager to get to the sale and complete his quest for his queen, what any gentleman would do. Soon his uncle stubbles through the doorShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast Araby And A P Short Story999 Words   |  4 PagesA coming of age story is when the protagonist experiences climatic event that leads them to adulthood. The event is usually tough but leads to a realization or epiphany. The short stories â€Å"AP† by John Updike and â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce both reflect coming of age stories. In the story AP, the narrator, Sammy quits his job to stand up for the three girls wearing â€Å"nothing but their bathing suits†() In the story Araby, the narrator shows himself growing up through discovering his sexuality. InRead More`` Araby `` By James Joyce1885 Words   |  8 PagesJacelyn Donevant March 4th 2015 ENG 102 Professor Abbott As we age into adult life we are faced with decisions and situations where we are forced to think for ourselves and suffer through the consequences of those decisions. Through those bad decisions and terrible ideas we shape ourselves into the adult we are creating ourselves to be. â€Å"AP† by John Updike and â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce both introduce two young protagonist who both share in blinded adoration for young women. Both young men attemptsRead MoreThe Power of Araby by James Joyce Essay1907 Words   |  8 Pagesabout is â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce. James Joyce does a great job creating vivid images in the readers mind and creates a theme that most of us can relate. In this paper I will be discussing five scholarly peer reviewed journals that also discusses the use of image and theme that James Joyce created in his short story â€Å"Araby†. Before I start diving into discussing these five scholarly peer review journals, I would like to just wri te a little bit about â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce. James Joyce is an Irish writerRead MoreJohn Updike s A P And James Joyce s Araby1877 Words   |  8 PagesComing-of-age is a chapter that every individual must inevitably trek through in order to grow and mature into one’s own self. In John Updike’s AP and James Joyce’s Araby, the theme of growth permeates throughout both narratives as their respective protagonists fabricate an ideal world from their own naive perspectives, only to shed their ignorant fantasies about how they believe to understand that the world can bend to their decisions to truly understand the cruelty behind world they live in: reachingRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pages(German pronunciation: [ˈbÉ ªldÊŠÅ‹s.Ê oËÅ'maË n]; German: novel of formation, education, culture),[a] novel of formation, novel of education,[2] or coming-of-age story (though it may also be known as a subse t of the coming-of-age story) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age),[3] in which character change is extremely important.[4][5] Contents [hide] 1 Origin 2 Plot outline 3 Examples 3.1 Precursors 3.2 17th century

Monday, May 18, 2020

My fathers song (Poem analysis) Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The joy that the boy feels for his father’s â€Å"undivided attention† is greater than his fear. Moreover, the plot shows the diction of a working-class family and the difference between the boy and his father. The â€Å"palm caked hard by dirt† is a sign of a working-man’s life (Roethke 14). Roethke is known to not follow the working-class life of his father by being a writer, so the poem matches his real life, how he must have feared his drunken father who has a different livelihood from him (Jadwin 1). The poem shows the attitudes of fear and love, both intense emotions for his father. These two boys from Ortiz’s and Roethke’s poems are reliving bonding moments with their fathers, though they share somewhat different attitudes toward them. Apart from the plot that shows a son’s love for his father, the poems are similar in their use of alliteration to show the impact of a father in imparting cultural values to their children. Ortiz uses alliteration that emphasizes his connection to his father. The words â€Å"son† and â€Å"song† are alliterations with internal rhymes. We will write a custom essay sample on My father's song (Poem analysis) or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Since the title says that the poem is about his father’s song, and â€Å"song† blends with son too, which suggests how the song or identity of the father influences the identity of his son. The â€Å"soft† and â€Å"sand† words suggest the power of their environment in forming identities. The sand is related to planting, and planting is both an economic and cultural process for Ortiz. Leon Lewis describes Ortiz’s poetry where Ortiz sees his role in the â€Å"preservation and presentation of his cultural heritage† (1). Culture is central to â€Å"My Fathers Song. † As Native Americans, planting is part of their way of life. The softness of the sand indicates the tender feelings that both father and son have for the planting that does not only give them food, but also asserts their cultural connection to their Native American traditions. Roethke also shows how much his father imparted cultural values to him as a child. Waltz is something that became popular with immigrants because of its initial â€Å"scandalous† image, something that only the â€Å"Other† or the marginalized people danced (Jadwin 1). The little boy’s father seems to dance the waltz frequently when he is drunk, for he comes with the smell of â€Å"whiskey† (1). His drunkenness may trigger cultural memories of his youth, when gayness and innocence were alive. Waltz is a cultural dance that may have important emotional functions for the father. By dancing it with his son, he tries to impart these values of freedom and happiness that he once enjoyed in his youth.

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

A Modest Proposal Was Way - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 538 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Modest Proposal Essay Did you like this example? A modest proposal was way for us readers to understand the hardship of poor people. The author wanted us as readers to understand about protecting poor children and the poor people of Irish from the rich people of England. Swift wanted to aim at safeguarding families that had a burden of not being able to care for their kids. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Modest Proposal Was Way" essay for you Create order The entire country insisted that children would become more useful in society. A plan was set to help reduce the population of suffering children because these parents were unable to provide the help that these kids needed. Swifts idea was an attempt that would give a way that was fair for making the children useful. He used the reasoning that argued that the problem he created would need to be his solution. He planned to make the children fat, so they can use food that can make the wealthy landowners. He then analyzed the numbers with the price and how long of the weight of the children that showed how it would consume. Jonathan, was able to solve the problem of the overpopulated,   unemployment as well as the concentrate of the growing in the economy. Parents will then be able to cut their own cost as well as their losses. With the help of improving the economy of the nation in general. His first proposal was that he wanted to lessen the number of papists, who were yearly overrun, in which being the principal breeders of the nation, as well as our most dangerous enemies. Second, the more impoverished tenants would have something valuable of their own, in which by law may be made liable to distress, that would help pay the landlords rent. Third, maintainer of a hundred thousand children, two years old, cannot be computed at less than ten shillings. Fourth, constant breeders, other than the gain of the eight shillings that sterling per annum of the sale of the children, will be rid of the charge from maintaining them after the first year. Fifthly, the food would likewise bring great custom to the taverns. Sixthly, Great inducement to marriage. His ideas were to provide for the infants and wanted to relieve the poor and give them some form of pressure on the rich. There were so many families in need of help and couldnt afford to care for their kids due to the fact the population was increasing, and there was not that many jobs or little money available. Swift will continue to support that the proposal with these details until the end. The lesson that I took from this reading is that when there is an overcrowded populated country, there will be fewer jobs and money available to help. The landlords were charging crazy high prices for rent and knowing that a lot of people could not afford to pay the rent. This lead to a lot of people becoming homeless. The English government did nothing to help them. Nothing has changed today, due to the fact the government is still not assisting people, and more and more people have become homeless. Everybody wants to work so when you have a lot of people that want to work, and there will be less jobs available.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Case For Reparations A Moral And Spiritual Awakening

The issue of reparations in return for the egregious injustices committed in the form of slavery by our predecessors, is an important topic dissected in The Marrow of Tradition and Coates’ article â€Å"The Case for Reparations†. The cornerstone of this problem is the idea that due to all the years of generational oppression and discrimination, what form will this reparation end up taking? A reparation that is based on doling out mere financial support for those that endured such brutality is insulting the honor of a people that were used for self-gain and under the guise of racial superiority. Simply treating this issue in a one-dimensional viewpoint that can be solved through a monetary basis will not suffice, and is stripping from it the†¦show more content†¦The notion that absolute atonement for slavery is possible, is not feasible as the wound will always exist in the hearts of those that endured. The novel presents us with the dichotomous nature of the de finition of justice, that can come in the form of vengeance through violence, evident in the case of Josh Green or through the power of diction, an almost poetic justice in the case of Janet Miller. The animosity that Josh Green possesses for Captain McBane and the revenge he seeks is symbolic of being a product of the hateful ideology of the â€Å"old South†, which was predicated on the notion of white supremacy and mistreatment of blacks. The old South is characterized in the following quote, â€Å"No; but we thought to overrule God’s laws, and we enslaved these people for our greed†¦laying to our souls the flattering unction that we were making of barbarous negroes civilized and Christian men† (Chesnutt 173). Captain McBane was responsible for the death of Green’s father, which scarred Josh as a child and became his sole motivation in wanting to one day kill him. Dr. Miller acted to quell his rage, bringing up the tenets of Christianity in forgivi ng and absolving his enemy crime, but Josh remained obstinate in his beliefs. The reality was that such a crime could never be forgotten and shaped his mindset as an individual. A key point that Green makes,Show MoreRelatedThe Treaty Of Versailles On The German State3407 Words   |  14 PagesAfter The Great War, the citizens of Germany looked for a new hope. The Treaty of Versailles wrecked the German state and morale seemingly beyond repair with its harsh terms of negotiation. Of course, the German people expected some reparations to be demanded, but they were shocked when the meeting of the Allied Powers at the Paris Peace Conference resulted in the creation of the Treaty of Versailles, a harsh, demanding cry of retaliation. The Treaty of Versailles effectively forced the return of

How do The Odyssey and The Crucible use the hero in order to explore the concerns of their times Free Essays

The concept of what constitutes a hero varies according to the values, culture, context and setting of the society in question. Homer in his epic poem The Odyssey and Arthur Miller in The Crucible through the portrayal of the hero’s in their texts; Odysseus and John Proctor, reflect the values of the time in which the text was set but more importantly provide a social commentary on the context of the texts. Both looking to the past to provide answers and draw parallels with the present. We will write a custom essay sample on How do The Odyssey and The Crucible use the hero in order to explore the concerns of their times? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Odyssey was written approximately in 700 BC and was set in twelfth century BC, in what was known as the Bronze Age. The Greeks believed that this earlier period was a more glorious and sublime age, when Gods still frequented the Earth and heroic, godlike mortals with superhuman attributes populated Greece. The Odyssey is episodic in nature and in many ways consisted of nation building myths which were unifying and drew on what was common in Greek culture by detailing the exploits of the classical archetypal Greek hero, Odysseus. Essentially it is an epic tale in which the wicked are destroyed, right prevails, and the family is reunited. On the other hand, The Crucible was written in the early 1950’s in America and is set in 1692 in Salem, a small town in colonial Massachusetts. It follows the witch-hunts of 1692 which began when several young girls were stricken with an illness characterized by symptoms of hallucinations and seizures, which were ascribed to witchcraft. This led to the eventual execution of thirty individuals for the crime of witchcraft. They were tried and convicted in an atmosphere of moral absolutism through which Miller alludes to the events which took place in the 1950’s before the House of Un-American Activities Committee in Washington. The Crucible can be viewed as allegorical text not for anti-communism, or as a faithful account of the Salem trials, but as a powerful timeless description of how intolerance and hysteria can intersect and tear a community apart. Furthermore, in contrast with Odysseus, John Proctor is a tragic hero, who would rather die then confess and lived with a marred name. This idea of nobility is inseparable from the tragedy genre. Tragedy in many ways enlightens, in that it points the heroic finger at the enemy of a man’s freedom. The quest for freedom is the quality in the tragedy which exalts. Both texts are framed by religious imagery. In The Odyssey Odysseus does not question the power of the Gods and in many ways Homers text can be viewed as a moral lesson, through the omnipresent nature of the god’s as they guide the wandering hero home. This reflects the Greek notion that the gods exercise absolute power over the mortal world. In the poem mortals are constantly making sacrifices to the gods to earn their favour. Conversely, offending the gods creates immense problems as is illustrated through Poseidon’s grudge against Odysseus for blinding his son Polyphemos. Moreover, it is only through Athena’s guidance throughout the text that Odysseus can survive his dangerous adventures. This distinguishes an important point as it reiterates not only the all-powerful nature of the gods but also introduces the idea that if Odysseus the hero cannot survive without guidance from the gods then the rest of the members of society must accept their fate as lying in the hands of the gods. What must also be noted however are the characteristics of the gods, which were a mixture of magical, immortal powers and basic human instincts, the gods were not perfect. Through this portrayal of the gods in the text Homer presents a more glorious time in Greek culture in a time when Greece was only a shadow of its former greatness. This however varies in The Crucible which is set in a theocratic society, in which church and state are one and the religion practised was very austere form of Protestantism known as Puritanism. In this form of society there is no room for deviation from social norms, since any individual whose private life does not conform to the established moral laws presents a threat not only to society but also to the rule of God: â€Å"You must understand, sir, that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between†. John Proctor challenges this religious identity of time and shows how man has used god to manipulate and control individuals and it is ultimately his choice not to confess to witchcraft, which is a true religious and personal stance. In this way The Crucible can be viewed a symbolic of the paranoia of the communism which pervaded America in the 1950s. Several parallels existed between the witch hunts of 1692 and the House Un-American Activities Committee’s rooting out of suspected communists. As with the alleged witches of Salem, suspected Communists were encouraged to confess their crimes and to â€Å"name names,† identifying others sympathetic to their radical cause. Miller through the actions of the hero Proctor foregrounds the McCarthyist excesses, which wronged many innocents, making a strong political statement. Furthermore, both Odysseus and Proctor are flawed and fallible and both of them fall into the seductive charms of the ‘seductresses’ as is portrayed in the texts. Women are presented as either ‘sainted virgins’; Elizabeth and Penelope or ‘seductresses’; Abigail and Calypso this dichotomy represents the patriarchal structures of the context of the texts. Moreover the texts also highlight the dangers of giving women power and of female sexual potency. Odysseus’ infidelity when he is trapped by Calypso serves to reflect gender roles and the double standard in Greek society. Homer does not invite the responder to view Odysseus’ infidelity with any disdain or disapproval: â€Å"withdrawing into the cavern’s deep recesses, long in each others arms they lost themselves in love† (#250-51). It is somehow acceptable for Odysseus to sleep with another woman, while Penelope is represented as morally dubious for allowing the suitors to remain in the house. It is only Calypso who challenges these gender roles: â€Å"You unrivalled lords of jealously/ scandalized when goddess sleep with mortals†¦ † (#131-32). While Homer portrays these sexist views, he also through Calypso’s dialogue brings to attention the double standards of the society and more importantly introduces a new idea which may have been viewed as subversive in Greek culture at the time. On the other hand in The Crucible, John Proctor as the play’s tragic hero is honest, upright and blunt spoken, Proctor is a good man however his fatal flaw is his lust for Abigail Williams which leads to their affair. Proctor is very self-critical and this in a way reflects how his moral code is a product of the society in which he exists: â€Å"But I will cut my hand off before I’ll ever reach for you again†. Once the trials begin, Proctor realizes that he can stop Abigail’s rampage through Salem but only if he confesses to this adultery. This highlights how the hero must face a series of trials and tribulations in order to be redeemed, in Proctor’s case these are more physiological battles whereas Odysseus faces more physical challenges. This illustrates the way in which the different contexts result in the formation of varying hero’s reflecting the values of that particular society. Finally, Arthur Miller once said: â€Å"Nobody wants to be a hero†¦ but in every man there is something he cannot give up and still remain himself†¦ If he gives that up, he becomes a different man, not himself†¦ It is Proctor’s self-critical nature which distinguishes him because he does not set out to be a hero. Normally he would not be considered a saintly individual, and he has not great eagerness to be a martyr due to his underlying guilt at his infidelity, which in turn he projects on Elizabeth: â€Å"I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. † Nevertheless when put to the final test, the meaning here of ‘crucible’, he will go to his death rather than irrevocably compromise his integrity. Through his representation of Proctor as the tragic hero Miller creates a new post-modern ideology of the hero in which the hero is not extraordinary physically or mentally but rather what is heroic is the individual who stands by his personal principals, he does not set out to be the hero but rather the situation merely reveals the hero within. This notion explores the concerns of 1950 America in which the hero’s were not the McCarthyist’s as it might seem on outward examination but rather those who only through their personal actions transpired to be essentially heroic. In conclusion, The Odyssey and The Crucible through the representation of the hero in text foreground the concerns of their times. The texts have revealed to me that what constitutes the hero varying according to context and setting and can help us gain further insight into the concerns of the society in question. Essentially the characteristics, which form the hero, are fluid subject to the values and culture of the times. How to cite How do The Odyssey and The Crucible use the hero in order to explore the concerns of their times?, Papers

Movie Genre free essay sample

In a dystopian era plagued by radiation, Dredd is one of the Judges, which is the only presence of law in the land. The most feared of all Judges, Dredd is on a mission to stop the distribution and use of a new drug, â€Å"Slo-Mo†. While training a new Judge, Dredd and his trainee are caught in a slum apartment where a drug lord, Ma-Ma, has gained control over almost all of the inhabitants. The two Judges must fight for survival when the futuristic apartment building’s security is taken over by the drug lord with one mission: to kill Dredd and save the business. Films are generally pretty personal things. What one person loves, another may hate, and there are many concepts that can or cannot be included to create the desired effect. Regardless, there are a few things a film needs that everyone can agree on; an interesting plot, believable characters, captivating dialogue, a realistic set design, and must have a destination (and get there in a reasonable time). We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Genre or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dredd accomplishes all of these with ease, and was a film worth seeing. The plot is pretty basic, and while the basic idea of clashing with authority and who will prevail isn’t relatively new, Dredd presents the concept in a fresh way. Thrilling and suspenseful, Dredd is very well written and captivates the audience. NPR reviewed the film, stating, â€Å"Dredd works because its an action flick with wide appeal that takes risks it doesnt need to in its delightfully off-putting violence and daring style and those choices pay off in a singular and exhilarating movie experience. Its savage, beautiful and loads of fun. (ARNOLD)† Taking something so extraordinarily simple and making a masterpiece is what Alex Garland, the writer, has done. While there seems to be a constant flow of action scenes, the rising action isn’t typical backstory stuff. It offers the pertinent information, but in an energetic way. The climax is certainly the definition of, with more guns and ammunition than you can shake a stick at. Dredd lacks in the falling action, but after the previous high point, any more action may border on too much. Judges are self-described as â€Å"Judge, Jury and Executioner†, being given the power to determine charges on scene, and execute the appropriate punishment immediately. This kind of power is overwhelming and one would expect anyone in this position to be a bit arrogant and demeaning. This demeanor is shown exceptionally well by the Judges at the end of the movie. Many are on Ma Ma’s payroll and corrupted Judges are aplenty. These characters act, as one would expect, prompting the audience to feel a bit of animosity towards them: aptly so, since they are part of the villainous crowd. With a plot as dramatic and intense as Dredd’s, the set must be equally astonishing. Set in a futuristic time, after bouts of radiation, Mega-City One looks drastically different than Earth in present day. Shooting in South Africa provided plenty of vast land to create the perfect set that accurately portrayed the ‘goings-on’. The set is authentic and eerie, and strangely draws you in to the point that when you leave the theater, you wonder where all of the sunlight came from. This kind of believable set makes the movie experience that much more enjoyable. â€Å"I am the law†. Potentially one of the most raw lines in the film, this is the overall theme of the Judge’s attitudes. Being a drama, the film must deliver dialogue that is as captivating as the other elements of the film. Audiences love wit, one-liners, and humor, of any variety. But, in fact, the movie is devoid of too much dialogue, giving the audience the ability to absorb the beautiful set and the extreme action shots that seem to never end. Dredd could have offered more in the way of ‘captivating dialogue’, but Karl Urban, who plays Dredd, makes up for it with the delivery, using his raspy, Clint Eastwood-like voice. Perhaps the most important part of the movie is the plot, and how the movie reacts and evolves around the plot. The natural progression of things, the speed of that progression, and the in-betweens of the plot are all extremely important in holding the audience’s attention and not boring them half to death, or leaving them in the dust, confused. Dredd’s plot is pretty simple; stay alive in a post-radiation era while trying to solve a crime and bring down a drug lord. With the wrong writer, Dredd could be very short, and very boring. However, Garland creates intensity and draws the viewer in with numerous action scenes and suspense with not knowing if they will survive or not. Wired. com calls Dredd, â€Å"a fantastic action spectacle set against the back drop of two people trying to escape hell on Earth. There are massive bombtastic fights, near-death face offs, and bro-ing out between new BFFs Anderson and Dredd. The climax is reached in due time, with an ending that, as a viewer, you can’t help but shout a little â€Å"hoo-ra† at. Dredd is strong on the dialogue and characters, but shines on the set and plot areas. An astonishing set and a plot with non-stop action make Dredd an intense film you won’t want to miss.

Friday, May 1, 2020

Losing Myself free essay sample

During English class sophomore year one classmate asked me, â€Å"Hey, no offense but are you gay?† Suddenly my stomach dropped and my face turned red. Everyone in the back of the classroom turned around to listen to my response. I didn’t know how to respond to this question. I’ve been asked before and my answer was always no. Regardless of how many times I said no, it didn’t make a difference because they never believed me. The worst part of it was that I had been telling the truth. Sophomore year I was in a new high school. Not to my surprise but to the surprise of others in the new school my first friends were girls. Rumors flew that I was gay. Everyone thought I was gay and this was not true. I promised myself that I would change my friends and that I would change everything about myself in order to stop others from believing the rumor. We will write a custom essay sample on Losing Myself or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am definitely not like many of the other guys in my school. Walking down the hallways, one expects to see the guys on one side and the girls on the other. Guys hang out together in groups and that goes the same for the girls. I find myself more comfortable around my close girl friends. Actually, I have more friends who are girls than guy friends. Does this make me gay? I don’t think it does, but others think the opposite. To really understand why I feel more comfortable around girls, I have to go back to my childhood. Divorce plagued my family ever since I was in first grade. I lived with my mother. She has always been an independent woman and from this I gained tremendous respect for women. I feel I understand women better than most guys. Because of the connection I have with my mother there is this connection I can make with other women. I feel this special relationship with women that most men are ignorant to acknowledge. Mistakenly, I kept to my promise. I lost friends and tried to become closer to my male friends. I thought this was magically going to solve my problem. I was lonely and realized that my true friends were my girls, as they were the ones who came to talk to me about my new change. They gave me guidance and helped me realize that I lost good friends because of some lousy rumors. They helped me realize I wasn’t being true to myself. I changed who I was so others would accept me. I was characterized as someone I wasn’t, and I began to lose myself. Now I am a senior and I regret changing myself to become someone I wasn’t. I have learned that one must never change who he is in order to make people accept him. I have grown and I am content with who I am, regardless of the opinions others have on me.

Friday, April 10, 2020

Essay Topics on Diversity

Essay Topics on DiversityEssay topics on diversity are the basis for teaching that students will need to get their teachers interested in providing them with an actual class of students that will be given a wider understanding of the topic. This can be a daunting task, especially when the subject matter is such a broad one. Students are faced with the dilemma of reading the most accessible text books, utilizing a course or research library, surfing the internet, and finally settling for some research materials which may not be available in their own community.Diversity in the workplace is the subject that every business owner needs to give his employees themselves an equal chance to grow and excel. It is always good to have an idea as to how many minorities they have around you. Good teachers need to provide some context to those topics of diversity, especially in the beginning stages when this is an area that has not been dealt with at all. This is important, because a good teacher will help teach diversity in a way that will fit into the school curriculum as well as the understanding of the students.Themes like gender, race, age, religion, etc. are as diverse as the countries that they belong to. The themes that can be utilized in essay topics on diversity include ethnicity, gender, disability, sexuality, nationality, and immigrant issues.Essay topics on diversity can also include the information that a professor is researching and gathering for their own research. A good teacher will know about the available resources to provide them with enough information to produce a dissertation that could hold more weight than the rest. This would involve bringing some ethnic diversity to the classroom so that the students are able to see the world through a different lens. Even though this can be applied to a limited number of students, it is good to make students understand that they need to have an idea as to where the future is heading.Diversity in the United States has become an issue, and the debate will continue until all the people have an equal opportunity to obtain a fair shake. Because of this, some districts are using the public schools as a platform to organize their diverse student population. In most of these districts, they come up with all kinds of programs and projects that give equal opportunity for all students. Sometimes, because of this, the schools have not been able to meet the demand for diversity. It is clear that some of the community colleges will be very helpful in filling the gap as well as the colleges and universities.In the future, more cities and towns may decide to utilize a larger set of these student-hosted diversity workshops in order to generate some really interesting ideas. With the benefit of seeing how other peoples understand the diversity of their society, the next generation will be able to move on to their own change. Essay topics on diversity should also include topics that are needed in almost all p arts of the country.The Internet offers plenty of resources that students can use to study essays that will provide them with a better perspective of diversity. Reading a selection of the essays on diversity will provide them with a really good understanding of the subject matter. If there is a particular topic that seems to be missing from the discussion, this can be easily solved by going online. Diversity in the workplace will be discussed in the future by many organizations and will be a major issue of discussion among politicians and citizens alike.

Thursday, March 5, 2020

Transport in the Industrial Revolution

Transport in the Industrial Revolution During the period of major industrial change known as the ‘Industrial Revolution’, the methods of transport also changed greatly. Historians and economists agree that any industrializing society needs to have an effective transport network, to enable the movement of heavy products and materials around in order to open up access to raw materials, reduce the price of these materials and the resulting goods, break down local monopolies caused by poor transport networks and allow for an integrated economy where regions of the country could specialize. While historians sometimes disagree over whether the developments in transport experienced by first Britain, then the world, were a pre-condition allowing for industrialization, or a result of the process, the network definitely changed.   Britain Pre-Revolution In 1750, the most commonly used start date for the revolution, Britain relied on transport via a wide-ranging but poor and expensive road network, a network of rivers which could move heavier items but which was restricted by the routes nature had given, and the sea, taking goods from port to port. Each system of transport was operating at full capacity, and chaffing greatly against the limits. Over the next two centuries industrializing Britain would experience advances in their road network, and develop two new systems: first the canals, essentially man-made rivers, and then the railways. Development in Roads The British  road  network was generally poor prior to industrialization, and as pressure from changing industry grew, so the road network began to innovate in the form of Turnpike Trusts. These charged tolls to travel on especially improved roads, and helped meet demand at the start of the revolution. However, many deficiencies remained and new modes of transport were invented as a result. Invention of Canals Rivers had been used for transport for centuries, but they had problems. In the early modern period attempts were made to improve rivers, such as cutting past long meanders, and out of this grew the canal network, essentially man-made waterways which could move heavy goods more easily and cheaply. A boom began in the Midlands and Northwest, opening up new markets for a growing industry, but they remained slow. The Railway Industry Railways developed in the first half of the nineteenth century and, after a slow start, boomed in two periods of railway mania. The industrial revolution was able to grow even more, but many of the key changes had already begun without rail. Suddenly the lower classes in society could travel much further, more easily, and the regional differences in Britain began to break down.

Tuesday, February 18, 2020

Personal Growth Influences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Growth Influences - Essay Example This lifestyle, with it’s exposure to a variety of cultures and ethnicities, has been the learning experience of my lifetime and has made me very much aware of the universality and basic oneness of mankind, despite differences of race, language and religion. It has made me a true ‘citizen of the world.’ The extracurricular activity I have most enjoyed has been running track in High School. This has inculcated in me the passion to go all out to reach my goal, taught me that preparation is the key to success and has given me endurance and the hunger to win. It has also taught me to work as a member of a team towards a common objective and made me appreciate the camaraderie of a commonly motivated group and also the importance of physical fitness in life. The strongest influence of my life has been my parents. My Mother, who is a registered nurse at a retirement home, has influenced me to be sensitive to the needs of the economically and socially disadvantaged and also the aged and the ill. At her suggestion, I have been involved in a community project in which I have visited hospices for the aged over the weekends and spent some time with the inmates, reading to them (mainly the newspapers and the Bible) and helping them with their letters and other correspondence. I have come away from this experience with the certainty that society owes the aged a gift of security and inclusion. I have a deep admiration and respect for my Father, who is an International trader for a major American bank. He treats me not only as his son, but also as his confidante and friend. I am often privy to the information inputs which guide his management techniques and his responses to the various financial complexities involved in his profession. From his experiences, I have understood that the quality of life and the personal happiness of people all over the world is dependent on their financial security, particularly in the later years.

Monday, February 3, 2020

Multijurisdictional tax (Inbound taxation and Outbound taxation Essay

Multijurisdictional tax (Inbound taxation and Outbound taxation assignment) - Essay Example IBM Corporation pays a regular quarterly dividend on the stock. Your previous research concluded that Joe T. is a nonresident alien of the US. 1. Is the income received US source income or foreign source income? What statute did you rely on for your conclusion(s)? Facts Joe T. is a non resident alien of the United States who has invested in 1,000 shares of common stock in IBM Corporation. IBM is registered in Delaware, United States and does most of its business within the United States. The stock owned by Joe T. represents less than 1% of the overall value of IBM Corporation. Interpretation Joe T. is a non resident alien in the United States which means that Joe T.’s income derived from sourced within the United States are liable to taxation. Since IBM Corporation executes most of its business from within the United States, so under Sections 861(a)(2) and 862(a)(2), the dividends released by such businesses are considered as income being derived from within the United States. ... , since dividends from purchased stock do not fall under any exception based category under Section 871(1), so income derived from such sources is liable to tax. 2. If the income is US source income, is it taxable income to the individual (i.e., is there an exemption or exclusion available)? What statute did you rely on for each of your conclusions? Facts Joe T. is a non resident alien of the United States who has invested in 1,000 shares of common stock in IBM Corporation. IBM is registered in Delaware, United States and does most of its business within the United States. The stock owned by Joe T. represents less than 1% of the overall value of IBM Corporation. Interpretation Most forms of income derived from sources within the United States are liable to taxation even if a non resident alien owns benefits from such sources. However, under certain circumstances exceptions may be provided to foreign investors in the United States as per taxation on income. No deductions may be taken on a foreign investor’s income from sources within the United States if it is covered by either Section 873 or Section 882(c). Income derived from a United States trade or business is exempt for taxation for foreign individuals but this applies to gross income only which does not apply to Joe T.’s case. On another note, dividends are clearly mentioned as being taxable for foreign persons under Section 871(a)(1) which makes Joe T.’s income liable to taxation. Exceptions to the current rule exist if the source of the income derived from the United States is either interest from a bank or other fiscal institution (under Section 871(i)) or if it is portfolio interest (under Section 871(h)). Joe T. may be provided with some relief, but not a complete exemption, under US Model Treaty

Sunday, January 26, 2020

Napoleon Populist Autocrat Administrative Structure

Napoleon Populist Autocrat Administrative Structure INTRODUCTION Napoleon Bonaparte was born in town of Ajaccio in Corsica, an island off the southern coast of France on 15th August 1769  [1]  and by then Corsica was formally under French rule. History not only remembers him as a brilliant military strategist and commander but also as ingenious and able statesman, masterful administrator and lawgiver. Napoleon graduated from Ecole Militaire in Paris in 1785 and was posted in Valence in Southern France after seven years of study in France. He came to prominence after his participation in the Siege of Toulon by forcing the British navy to evacuate the port in 1793 and after defending the National Convention from the Parisian mob he wass promoted to Rank of Commander of Army of Interior and later he on successfully led French Armies against Austrian in First Italian Campaign. After successful Italian [1796] and enchanting Egyptian [1798] Campaign; his popularity, support of military and lack of political affiliations brought him to foreground of politics and he is appointed as First Consul of France following coup of 18th-19th Brumaire on 9th-10th December 1799  [2]  . No sooner he takes the reins of France, he begins initiating reforms in various fields covering politics, civil matters, legal problems and economic situation. Instead of taking side of any political ideology or any faction, he chose a middle course by enlisting members of all the factions without considering their political affiliations but taking account of their ability and talent. This became apparent when he chose members of Council of State, Legion of Honor, Prefects, ministers and various posts in military hierarchy. This policy became the cornerstone for all appointments in France under his rule. By affecting Peace of Amiens [1802] he brought brief period of peace when France was not at war with any state. It was during this time he brought about most of his reforms, changes, creations, enlargement and growth of different institutions of France. He brought an end to political upheaval of France by silencing the different factions and later on amalgamating them into his administration. The political system envisaged made him an all-powerful and brought about centralization of political machinery. He had embarked on the civil reforms that were to make him justly famous: the pacification of La Vendee, a successful fiscal reform, a better administrative framework, overhauling of educational system, successfully conclusion of Concordat with Pope and codification of laws of France  [3]  . War again broke out in 1803, first with Britain and later other continental powers joining in the foray. Britain, Austria and Russia forming the Third Coalition threatened France, whereas Napoleon leading a coalition of Central German States inflicted crushing defeats on Austria first at Ulm [20th October 1805]  [4]  followed by the crowning victory over Austro-Russian combine at Austerlitz [2nd December 1805]  [5]  . This was followed by subsequent peace with Austrians at Pressburg and Russia at Tilsit. Prussia citing the reason of violation of neutrality of Ansbach by marching French armies declared war on France subsequently but was quickly and completely crushed in Battles of Jena and Auerstadt [1806]. On 16th July 1806  [6]  , Confederation of Rhine was established in place of Holy Roman Empire. In 1802, national vote was taken for the Life Consulate of Napoleon, the result being 3,568,000 in favour to 8,374 against  [7]  . Two years later Napoleon completed his journey to autocracy: on 3rd May 1804  [8]  Tribunate expressed the wish that Bonaparte be proclaimed hereditary Emperor of the French. The Senate and the Legislative body drew up a bill which then became an organic senates consultum. It was then submitted to the people for ratification: 3,572,000 voted yes to 2,569 nos  [9]  . Napoleon ascended the throne of France with the title of Napoleon I, Emperor of the French  [10]  . On 2nd December 1804  [11]  , he was crowned in Notre Dame Cathedral in presence of Pope Pius VII. On 17th March 1805  [12]  , he was crowned King of Italy. Subsequently, in France, a strict system of censorship was imposed and espionage system was strengthened. Whereas other parts of Empire, namely Italy, Central Germany and Holland were subjected to heavy taxes and the French reforms were imposed in these states which slowly culminated in rise of nationalism and detestation of foreign rule. Freedom of Religion was ushered during this period, first by signing of Concordat with Pope [1801] which healed the breach with the Catholic Church, then by granting equal status to Protestants as well as the Jews. Legal System was overhauled, by codifying the laws of France which dealt with matters ranging from civil to criminal laws as well as commercial law. This was a skillful blend of different laws present in France before beginning of French Revolution and the ideas of Revolution, where under the leadership of Napoleon  [13]  , utmost importance was given to simplicity, lucidity and pragmatism. Four of the finest jurists of France of the date representing Northern Customary laws along with Southern Roman influenced laws worked to produce a codification of laws which has stood the test of time and is still is a law of France. The end of war against Britain nowhere in sight, Napoleon Bonaparte declared Continental Blockade against Britain which would result in complete end of trade with Europe. The Blockade will achieve its peak by 1811, when entire Europe accepted the Continental Blockade. To enforce Continental Blockade, he conquered Naples, Portugal and later Spain. Portugal and Spain involved France in long drawn out protracted Peninsular War which would continue till restoration of Bourbon Monarchy in 1815. When France was involved in Peninsular War, Austria forming an alliance with Britain declared war on France with hope of breaking hegemony of France in Europe. Napoleon smashed the Austrians and within a month occupied Vienna. It will not be until 1812 invasion of Russia that France supremacy will be disputed and at finally Napoleon will be defeated in Battle of Waterloo and later exiled to St. Helena. It was during this period, when Napoleon brought in administrative, civil and legal reforms most of which still survive in France as living testimony to the magnificence of work done during this period for France. Napoleon followed, Everything for the French People  [14]  as his motto, and this is reflected in his brilliant conquests and practical, down to earth but still long lasting reforms which he brought in France and subsequently in the conquered territories. In long run, most of these reforms will form the bedrock of French political, legal and administrative structure which at that crucial moment of French history provided France with stable, efficient and progressive government. French people hailed all of these reforms, and most of them are still part and parcel of French administration in modified forms. LIBERAL AUTHORITARIAN ADMINISTRATION: POLITICAL COMPROMISE, FLEXIBILITY AND NATIONAL STABILITY The centralized administrative system which has prevailed in France was the handiwork of Napoleon  [15]  . Napoleon knew and very well understood the exhaustion and antipathy of people after a chaotic Revolution and an oppressive ancien regime. People tired and disgusted with bloodshed, constant change of governments, coups, political instability, extremities and constant danger of counter-revolution by royalist were longing for a stronger, efficient and stable government which would prevent decay of the system and preserve the ideals of revolution. The French during the Revolution had attacked the despotism of kings, the political inequality of many constitutions only partly free; the pride of the nobility; the domination, intolerance, and wealth of the priesthood, and the abuses of the feudal system, all of which were still rampant in most of Europe  [16]  . Napoleon understood the philosophy behind these ideals and hence went on to realize the goals and preserve the ideals of Revolution but only after ensuring political stability of France and safeguarding it from counter-revolution and internal strife. After a successfully taking over the administration of the France, he understood the situation of people and different factions. And rising above the factions and making merit as the spirit and substance of his rule he decided to usher an era of political stability, administrative efficiency and economic improvement. We have done with the romance of the Revolution: we must now commence its history. We must have eyes only for what is real and practicable in the application of principles, and not for the speculative and hypothetical. Napoleon, at Conseil detat  [17]   Above statement gives clear picture of frame of mind of Napoleon and the people presiding with him. They understanding the sentiments of the people as well as need of hour and under the guidance of Napoleon himself went on to reorganize the government and administration. POLITICAL SYSTEM: The centralized government was divided into Consulate, Senate, Corps Legislatif and Tribunate. Title IV of the Constitution of Year VII  [18]  gave plenty of powers to Napoleon who was to be First Consul. Art 41  [19]  of Constitution gave him the power to promulgates laws, appoint and dismiss at will the members of the Council of State, the ministers, the ambassadors and other foreign agents of high rank, the officers of the army and navy, the members of the local administrations, and the commissioners of the government before the tribunals. Art. 52  [20]  gave Napoleon the power to direct the council of state which was charged with drawing up projects of law and regulations of public administration and deal with difficulties which arise in administrative matters. Executive power was vested in three consuls, but, as first consul, it was effectively in Napoleons hands, the other two acting as advisers. Yet they had to work to a legislature. It rested on a very complex form of indirect election. Each commune voted a list of persons, numbering one-tenth of its citizens, deemed worthy to conduct public business. This list then proceeded to elect one-tenth of its number and these made up the departmental list. This in its turn elected a tenth of its members this was the national list. The choice of members was vested in a new body, the Senate. From this list first the Consulate appointed twenty-four members and these co-opted others to form a body of sixty. These sixty then drew up a list of 100 members for the Tribunate and 300 for the Legislature. The Tribunate could discuss or propose legislation but not vote on it whereas the Legislature could vote but not discuss it, and neither Chamber had a legislative initiative. That came from the executi ve, i.e., from Napoleon working with his Council of State. The power delivered to the executive was therefore immense, but it should not be supposed that the members of these bodies were nobodies.  [21]   A senatus consultum of August 1st forthwith proclaimed Napoleon Bonaparte Consul for Life  [22]  , which was then put to the people in a plebiscite. The official figures were 3,011,007 in favour and only 1,562 against  [23]  . Napoleon now gained few and additional powers, he had the power to nominate the other two consuls, could appoint his successor. The three legislative bodies lost practically all their powers, those of the Corps Legislatif going to the Senate, those of the Council of State to an official Cabal formed out of it; while the Tribunate was forced to debate secretly in five sections, where, as Bonaparte observed, they might jabber as they liked.  [24]   The victory of action over talk, of the executive over the legislature, of the one supremely able man over the discordant and helpless many, was now complete.  [25]  With the establishment of Empire, Napoleon became all powerful with other bodies now losing all the powers. But as a prudent and cautious statesman, he referred all his acts to people as plebiscite. In his own words, The appeal to the people has the double advantage of legalizing the prolongation of my power and of purifying the origin. In any other way it must always have appeared equivocal.  [26]  It was then submitted to the people for ratification: 3,572,000 voted yes to 2,569 nos. The Corps Legislatif disappeared and the Tribunate is not heard of after 1808. The Emperor was sole ruler.  [27]  The Senate was brought firmly under the Emperors control and thereby ceased to exist as an independent body.  [28]  The Senate had the appearance but not the reality of great power.  [29]   By now France came under extremely centralized rule, which ensured till 1815 France safety from civil strife, revolt and any form of dissension from any of the factions present in France at that time. Also, Napoleon took only those into political posts who possessed talent and merited the post irrespective of their political affiliations. This and other measures taken by him to bring Democrats, Republicans, Jacobins and later Royalists succeeded to bring them into his fold. Also creation of Legion of Honor created a class of loyalists who stood by him till the end. Centralization of Power and creating a class of loyalists brought political stability to France at turn of century when political ideologies clashed throughout Europe. ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM: Entire Republic was divided into departments and arrondissements with each department having a Prefect, Council of Prefecture and Department General Council with Prefect enjoying absolute powers and privileges in the department while conducting day to day affairs  [30]  . Napoleon while reorganizing administration completely eliminated elective system and appointing  [31]  Prefects to conduct the affairs of the Department, while sub-prefects were placed over the new arrondissements and mayors over the communes. The mayors were directly appointed by the First Consul in communes with population of over 5,000 whereas Prefects appointed the mayors for remaining communes. The administrative machinery aided in maintaining control over different areas of the Empire, along with providing administration which was lacking for a long period of time in France. Indeed, so little was there of effective self-government that France seems to have sighed with relief when order was imposed by Bonaparte in the person of a Prefect.  [32]  The Prefect was primarily the political agent of the Government.  [33]  Vigorous censorship which was imposed in whole of France along with a complex but effective network of spies under the charge of Fouche prevented political opponents a ground to protest whereby maintaining political stability. The country was honeycombed with spies and informers and watched over by a vigilant and efficient police.  [34]   Napoleon working with Cambaceres brought about the authoritarian structure in place and later in the days of Empire it was Cambaceres who worked meticulously while dealing with administrative matters. Napoleon took up the tasks of regular tax payments, law and order, education, military supply, regulation of grain trade, censorship and host of public projects which included tasks of various types from beautification of Paris with which Napoleon attached prime importance to construction of roads to connect all the cities of France with Paris and later their enlargement and maintenance. All of this was done and achieved and efficiency was insured by maintaining a network of spies, enactment of strict penal code [1810] and Napoleon always giving precedence to merit over all other considerations while making appointments. The administrative structure which though has undergone many changes but has still survived in its essence till date in France. AUTHORITARIANISM IN DAILY LIFE: EDUCATION AND RELIGION Napoleon embarked on the civil reforms that were to make him justly famous, which all had authoritarian structure in place so as to allow Napoleon to adjust them to his wishes. This is very well observed in relation to his Education Policy and Religious Policy. Law of II Floreal  [35]  which dealt with Education Policy to followed in France was passed on 1st May 1802, whereas Concordat and subsequent organic legislations which dealt with religious question were made in first years of his rule, which though provided general people with education and religious freedom hitherto unknown but gave Napoleon a supreme position over them and manipulate them to his gain. His prime aim while enacting Law of II Floreal was to bring education to common public and use it as a propaganda to improve his image and maintain control over France. Breach with religion and later persecution of religion during Revolutionary years had brought much unease throughout France, especially rural populace who were still devout, hence he decided not only to allow religion and tolerate different faiths in France but also to heal the breach with Papacy. This was achieved through Concordat and organic legislations passed by him over course of his reign. EDUCATION IN FRANCE: I want a teaching body, because such a body never dies, but transmits its organization and spirit. I want a body whose teaching is far above the fads of the moment, goes straight on even when the government is asleep, and whose administration and statutes become so national that one can never lightly resolve to meddle with them. Napoleon  [36]   Educational System in France went under complete change. Schools run by Church which were prime source of education during ancien regime and which were closed down during Revolution were not substituted by an equal structure which led to abysmal situation of education in France. Napoleon desiring to bring an end to the abysmal situation and using it as a tool to achieve his end of making the future generations of France loyal to the state and him brought about an overhaul. The new educational policy aimed at creating a new loyal group of people and to fashion them as able breadwinners, obedient citizens and enthusiastic soldiers  [37]  . Elementary schools were left to the control and supervision of the communes and of the sub-prefects  [38]  . The law of II Floreal, however, aimed at improving the secondary education  [39]  , which the Convention had attempted to give in its ecoles centrales. These were now reconstituted either as ecoles secondaires or as lycees. The former were local or even private institutions intended for the most promising pupils of the commune or group of communes; while the lycà ©es, far fewer in number, were controlled directly by the Government. In both of these schools great prominence was given to the exact and applied sciences. The training was of an almost military type, the pupils being regularly drilled, while the lessons began and ended with the roll of drums. The numbers of the lycees and of their pupils rapidly increased; but the progress of the secondary and primary schools, which could boast no such attractions, was very slow. In 1806 only 25,000 children were attending the public primary schools.  [40]   But two years later elementary and advanced instruction received a notable impetus from the establishment of the University of France  [41]  . The new University of France was admirably suited to his purpose. It was not a local university: it was the sum total of all the public [pg.297] teaching bodies of the French Empire, arranged and drilled in one vast instructional array. Elementary schools, secondary schools, lycees, as well as the more advanced colleges, all were absorbed in and controlled by this great teaching corporation, which was to inculcate the precepts of the Catholic religion, fidelity to the Emperor and to his Government  [42]  , as guarantees for the welfare of the people and the unity of France. For educational purposes, France was now divided into seventeen Academies  [43]  , which formed the local centres of the new institution. Thus, from Paris and sixteen provincial Academies, instruction was strictly organized and controlled; and within a short tim e of its institution (March, 1808), instruction of all kinds, including that of the elementary schools, showed some advance. In realm of exact and applied sciences, splendid discoveries were made and it prospered. But literature and poetry took a back seat primarily because of lack of support and secondly because of rigorous censorship. In the end it served the purpose of Emperor, created a class of loyalists and exact and applied science made a long strides and France was to remain the hub of scientific studies for another half a century. CONTROL OVER RELIGION: Napoleon in order to decrease the uneasiness among the population took steps to reconcile Papacy, Protestants and even Jews later. He intended to use religion to gain support of the people as well as wield and attach them to his rule. On 15th July 1801, he signed Concordat with Pope in which French Government recognized that the Catholic apostolic and Roman religion was the religion of the great majority of the French people. It was to be freely and publicly practiced in France, subject to the police regulations that the Government judged necessary for the public tranquility. A new division of archbishoprics and bishoprics was now made, which gave in all sixty sees to France. Napoleon enjoyed the right of nomination to them, whereupon the Pope bestowed the canonical investiture. The archbishops and bishops were all to take an oath of fidelity to the constitution. The bishops nominated the lower clerics provided that they were acceptable to the Government: all alike bound themselves to watch over governmental interests. The stability of France was further assured by a clause granting complete and permanent security to the holders of the confiscated Church lands a healing and salutary compromise which restored peac e to every village and soothed the qualms of many a troubled conscience. On its side, the State undertook to furnish suitable stipends to the clergy.  [44]   Napoleon made several laws under the plea of legislating for the police of public worship. The organic articles forbade the application of Papal bulls, or of the decree of foreign synods, to France, they further forbade the French bishops to assemble in council or synod without the permission of the Government; and this was also required for a bishop to leave his diocese, even if he were summoned to Rome. The regulation of the Protestant cult in France was a far less arduous task, Napoleon recognized two chief Protestant bodies in France, Calvinists and Lutherans, allowing them to choose their own pastors and to regulate their affairs in consistories. The pastors were to be salaried by the State, but in return the Government not only reserved its approval of every appointment, but required the Protestant bodies to have no relations whatever with any foreign Power or authority.  [45]   In the years 1806-08 the position of Jews was likewise defined, at least for all those who recognized France as their country, performed all civic duties, and recognized all the laws of the State. In consideration of their paying full taxes and performing military service, they received official protection and their rabbis governmental support.  [46]   Napoleon succeeded to bring the different religious institutions under government control and even controlling and regulating their affairs, so as to prevent them from rising up against the government and at the same time making people content. REFORM OF JUDICIAL SYSTEM I will go down to history with the Code in my hand. Napoleon  [47]   Law for Reorganization of Judicial System  [48]  was passed on 18th March 1800 making judiciary a simple hierarchy of courts. At lowermost level, i.e., for every commune there was a Tribunal of First Instance which was presided over by Justice of Peace which dealt with civil as well as correctional police matters.  [49]  Every department had a Criminal Tribunal which had jurisdiction over all the criminal and correctional police matters in the department.  [50]  Twenty-nine Tribunals of appeal were established throughout France to hear civil and commercial matter from Tribunal of First Instance.  [51]  Tribunal of Cassation sat in Paris which was the final court where appeal could be made from Criminal Tribunal or Tribunal of Appeal which was composed of forty-eight judges.  [52]   A single code for France was the dream of King Louis XI in the fifteenth century, of Dumoulin (1500-66) and Brisson in the sixteenth, of Colbert and Lamoignin in the seventeenth, and of DAguesseau in the eighteenth. The four last named made substantial contributions toward such a project Brisson, by his compilation of the ordinances in force under Henry III, Colbert and Lamoignon, through a more celebrated ordinances bearing the name of Louis XIV, and DAguesseau, whose ordinances on wills, gifts, and entails appeared between 1731 and 1747, and were through codifications.  [53]  Before the outbreak of Revolution, Voltaire had tersely commented on law and order situation of France, stating Man did not often change his horse, as many as he changed law while travelling through France, which correctly gave the picture of law and order situation before Revolution. The parlements, being upholders of local customary laws proved another obstacle towards codification of law. During the Re volution, revolutionaries made many attempts to codify the laws to bring uniformity throughout France, but failed and when Napoleon took power, banditry was on rise and law and order situation had deteriorated. Napoleon with an aim to bring stability gave prime importance to reorganizing the judicial system and codifying the laws. The draft